"""
BLE Client for BlueZ on Linux
"""

import sys
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

from bleak.args.bluez import BlueZClientArgs, BlueZNotifyArgs

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    if sys.platform != "linux":
        assert False, "This backend is only available on Linux"

import asyncio
import logging
import os
import warnings
from collections.abc import Callable
from contextlib import AsyncExitStack
from typing import Any, Optional, Union

from dbus_fast.aio import MessageBus
from dbus_fast.constants import BusType, ErrorType, MessageType
from dbus_fast.message import Message
from dbus_fast.signature import Variant

from bleak import BleakScanner
from bleak._compat import override
from bleak._compat import timeout as async_timeout
from bleak.args import SizedBuffer
from bleak.backends.bluezdbus import defs
from bleak.backends.bluezdbus.manager import get_global_bluez_manager
from bleak.backends.bluezdbus.scanner import BleakScannerBlueZDBus
from bleak.backends.bluezdbus.utils import (
    assert_gatt_reply,
    assert_reply,
    get_dbus_authenticator,
)
from bleak.backends.bluezdbus.version import BlueZFeatures
from bleak.backends.characteristic import BleakGATTCharacteristic
from bleak.backends.client import BaseBleakClient, NotifyCallback
from bleak.backends.descriptor import BleakGATTDescriptor
from bleak.backends.device import BLEDevice
from bleak.backends.service import BleakGATTServiceCollection
from bleak.exc import BleakDBusError, BleakDeviceNotFoundError, BleakError

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

# prevent tasks from being garbage collected
_background_tasks: set[asyncio.Task[None]] = set()


class BleakClientBlueZDBus(BaseBleakClient):
    """A native Linux Bleak Client

    Implemented by using the `BlueZ DBUS API <https://docs.ubuntu.com/core/en/stacks/bluetooth/bluez/docs/reference/dbus-api>`_.

    Args:
        address_or_ble_device (`BLEDevice` or str): The Bluetooth address of the BLE peripheral to connect to or the `BLEDevice` object representing it.
        services: Optional list of service UUIDs that will be used.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        address_or_ble_device: Union[BLEDevice, str],
        services: Optional[set[str]] = None,
        *,
        bluez: BlueZClientArgs,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ):
        super().__init__(address_or_ble_device, **kwargs)

        self._adapter = bluez.get("adapter")
        self._device_path: Optional[str]
        self._device_info: Optional[dict[str, Any]]

        # Backend specific, D-Bus objects and data
        if isinstance(address_or_ble_device, BLEDevice):
            self._device_path = address_or_ble_device.details["path"]
            self._device_info = address_or_ble_device.details.get("props")
        else:
            self._device_path = None
            self._device_info = None

        self._requested_services = services

        # D-Bus message bus
        self._bus: Optional[MessageBus] = None
        # tracks device watcher subscription
        self._remove_device_watcher: Optional[Callable[[], None]] = None
        # private backing for is_connected property
        self._is_connected = False
        # indicates disconnect request in progress when not None
        self._disconnecting_event: Optional[asyncio.Event] = None
        # used to ensure device gets disconnected if event loop crashes
        self._disconnect_monitor_event: Optional[asyncio.Event] = None
        # map of characteristic D-Bus object path to notification callback
        self._notification_callbacks: dict[str, NotifyCallback] = {}
        # map of characteristic D-Bus path to AcquireNotify file descriptor
        self._notification_fds: dict[str, int] = {}

        # used to override mtu_size property
        self._mtu_size: Optional[int] = None

    # Connectivity methods

    @override
    async def connect(
        self, pair: bool, dangerous_use_bleak_cache: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
    ) -> None:
        """Connect to the specified GATT server.

        Keyword Args:
            timeout (float): Timeout for required ``BleakScanner.find_device_by_address`` call.

        Raises:
            BleakError: If the device is already connected or if the device could not be found.
            BleakDBusError: If there was a D-Bus error
            asyncio.TimeoutError: If the connection timed out
        """
        logger.debug("Connecting to device @ %s", self.address)

        if self.is_connected:
            raise BleakError("Client is already connected")

        if not BlueZFeatures.checked_bluez_version:
            await BlueZFeatures.check_bluez_version()
        if not BlueZFeatures.supported_version:
            raise BleakError("Bleak requires BlueZ >= 5.55.")
        # A Discover must have been run before connecting to any devices.
        # Find the desired device before trying to connect.
        timeout = kwargs.get("timeout", self._timeout)
        if self._device_path is None:
            device = await BleakScanner.find_device_by_address(
                self.address,
                timeout=timeout,
                bluez={} if self._adapter is None else {"adapter": self._adapter},
                backend=BleakScannerBlueZDBus,
            )

            if device:
                self._device_info = device.details.get("props")
                self._device_path = device.details["path"]
            else:
                raise BleakDeviceNotFoundError(
                    self.address, f"Device with address {self.address} was not found."
                )

        assert self._device_path is not None

        manager = await get_global_bluez_manager()

        async with async_timeout(timeout):
            while True:
                async with AsyncExitStack() as stack:
                    # Each BLE connection session needs a new D-Bus connection to avoid a
                    # BlueZ quirk where notifications are automatically enabled on reconnect.
                    self._bus = MessageBus(
                        bus_type=BusType.SYSTEM,
                        negotiate_unix_fd=True,
                        auth=get_dbus_authenticator(),
                    )
                    # dbus-fast is weird and requires disconnect to be called
                    # even if connect fails.
                    stack.callback(self._bus.disconnect)
                    await self._bus.connect()

                    stack.callback(self._cleanup_all)

                    def on_connected_changed(connected: bool) -> None:
                        if not connected:
                            logger.debug("Device disconnected (%s)", self._device_path)

                            self._is_connected = False

                            if self._disconnect_monitor_event:
                                self._disconnect_monitor_event.set()
                                self._disconnect_monitor_event = None

                            self._cleanup_all()
                            if self._disconnected_callback is not None:
                                self._disconnected_callback()
                            disconnecting_event = self._disconnecting_event
                            if disconnecting_event:
                                disconnecting_event.set()

                    def on_value_changed(char_path: str, value: bytes) -> None:
                        callback = self._notification_callbacks.get(char_path)

                        if callback:
                            callback(bytearray(value))

                    watcher = manager.add_device_watcher(
                        self._device_path, on_connected_changed, on_value_changed
                    )
                    self._remove_device_watcher = lambda: manager.remove_device_watcher(
                        watcher
                    )

                    self._disconnect_monitor_event = local_disconnect_monitor_event = (
                        asyncio.Event()
                    )

                    # this effectively cancels the disconnect monitor in case the event
                    # was not triggered by a D-Bus callback
                    stack.callback(local_disconnect_monitor_event.set)

                    async def disconnect_device() -> None:
                        # Calling Disconnect cancels any pending connect request. Also,
                        # if connection was successful but _get_services() raises (e.g.
                        # because task was cancelled), then we still need to disconnect
                        # before passing on the exception.
                        if self._bus:
                            # If disconnected callback already fired, this will be a no-op
                            # since self._bus will be None and the _cleanup_all call will
                            # have already disconnected.
                            try:
                                disconnect_reply = await self._bus.call(
                                    Message(
                                        destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                                        interface=defs.DEVICE_INTERFACE,
                                        path=self._device_path,
                                        member="Disconnect",
                                    )
                                )
                                assert disconnect_reply
                                try:
                                    assert_reply(disconnect_reply)
                                except BleakDBusError as e:
                                    # if the object no longer exists, then we know we
                                    # are disconnected for sure, so don't need to log a
                                    # warning about it
                                    if e.dbus_error != ErrorType.UNKNOWN_OBJECT.value:
                                        raise
                            except Exception as e:
                                logger.warning(
                                    f"Failed to cancel connection ({self._device_path}): {e}"
                                )

                    stack.push_async_callback(disconnect_device)

                    # The BlueZ backend does not disconnect devices when the
                    # application closes or crashes. This can cause problems
                    # when trying to reconnect to the same device. To work
                    # around this, we check if the device is already connected.
                    #
                    # For additional details see https://github.com/bluez/bluez/issues/89
                    if manager.is_connected(self._device_path):
                        logger.debug(
                            'skipping calling "Connect" since %s is already connected',
                            self._device_path,
                        )
                    else:
                        logger.debug("Connecting to BlueZ path %s", self._device_path)

                        # Calling pair will fail if we are already paired, so
                        # in that case we just call Connect.
                        if pair and not manager.is_paired(self._device_path):
                            reply = await self._pair()

                            # For resolvable private addresses, the address will
                            # change after pairing, so we need to update that.
                            # Hopefully there is no race condition here. D-Bus
                            # traffic capture shows that Address change happens
                            # at the same time as Paired property change and
                            # that PropertiesChanged signal is sent before the
                            # "Pair" reply is sent.
                            self.address = manager.get_device_address(self._device_path)
                        else:
                            reply = await self._bus.call(
                                Message(
                                    destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                                    interface=defs.DEVICE_INTERFACE,
                                    path=self._device_path,
                                    member="Connect",
                                )
                            )

                        if reply.message_type == MessageType.ERROR:
                            # This error is often caused by RF interference
                            # from other Bluetooth or Wi-Fi devices. In many
                            # cases, retrying will connect successfully.
                            # Note: this error was added in BlueZ 6.62.
                            if (
                                reply.error_name == defs.BLUEZ_ERROR_FAILED
                                and reply.body
                                and reply.body[0] == "le-connection-abort-by-local"
                            ):
                                logger.debug(
                                    "retry due to le-connection-abort-by-local"
                                )

                                # When this error occurs, BlueZ actually
                                # connected so we get "Connected" property changes
                                # that we need to wait for before attempting
                                # to connect again.
                                await local_disconnect_monitor_event.wait()

                                # Jump way back to the `while True:`` to retry.
                                continue

                            if reply.error_name == ErrorType.UNKNOWN_OBJECT.value:
                                raise BleakDeviceNotFoundError(
                                    self.address,
                                    f"Device with address {self.address} was not found. It may have been removed from BlueZ when scanning stopped.",
                                )

                        assert_reply(reply)

                    self._is_connected = True

                    # Create a task that runs until the device is disconnected.
                    task = asyncio.create_task(
                        self._disconnect_monitor(
                            self._bus,
                            self._device_path,
                            local_disconnect_monitor_event,
                        )
                    )
                    _background_tasks.add(task)
                    task.add_done_callback(_background_tasks.discard)

                    # We will try to use the cache if it exists and `dangerous_use_bleak_cache`
                    # is True.
                    await self._get_services(
                        dangerous_use_bleak_cache=dangerous_use_bleak_cache
                    )

                    stack.pop_all()
                    return

    @staticmethod
    async def _disconnect_monitor(
        bus: MessageBus, device_path: str, disconnect_monitor_event: asyncio.Event
    ) -> None:
        # This task runs until the device is disconnected. If the task is
        # cancelled, it probably means that the event loop crashed so we
        # try to disconnected the device. Otherwise BlueZ will keep the device
        # connected even after Python exits. This will only work if the event
        # loop is called with asyncio.run() or otherwise runs pending tasks
        # after the original event loop stops. This will also cause an exception
        # if a run loop is stopped before the device is disconnected since this
        # task will still be running and asyncio complains if a loop with running
        # tasks is stopped.
        try:
            await disconnect_monitor_event.wait()
        except asyncio.CancelledError:
            try:
                # by using send() instead of call(), we ensure that the message
                # gets sent, but we don't wait for a reply, which could take
                # over one second while the device disconnects.
                # TODO: fix send() return type in dbus-fast so we can remove the pyright ignore
                await bus.send(  # pyright: ignore[reportUnknownMemberType]
                    Message(
                        destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                        path=device_path,
                        interface=defs.DEVICE_INTERFACE,
                        member="Disconnect",
                    )
                )
            except Exception:
                pass

    def _cleanup_all(self) -> None:
        """
        Free all the allocated resource in DBus. Use this method to
        eventually cleanup all otherwise leaked resources.
        """
        logger.debug("_cleanup_all(%s)", self._device_path)

        if self._remove_device_watcher:
            self._remove_device_watcher()
            self._remove_device_watcher = None

        if not self._bus:
            logger.debug("already disconnected (%s)", self._device_path)
            return

        # Reset all stored services.
        self.services = None

    @override
    async def disconnect(self) -> None:
        """Disconnect from the specified GATT server.

        Raises:
            BleakDBusError: If there was a D-Bus error
            asyncio.TimeoutError if the device was not disconnected within 10 seconds
        """
        logger.debug("Disconnecting (%s)", self._device_path)

        if self._bus is None:
            # No connection exists. Either one hasn't been created or
            # we have already called disconnect and closed the D-Bus
            # connection.
            logger.debug("already disconnected (%s)", self._device_path)
            return

        if self._disconnecting_event:
            # another call to disconnect() is already in progress
            logger.debug("already in progress (%s)", self._device_path)
            async with async_timeout(10):
                await self._disconnecting_event.wait()
        else:
            self._disconnecting_event = asyncio.Event()
            try:
                if self.is_connected:
                    # Try to disconnect the actual device/peripheral
                    reply = await self._bus.call(
                        Message(
                            destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                            path=self._device_path,
                            interface=defs.DEVICE_INTERFACE,
                            member="Disconnect",
                        )
                    )
                    assert_reply(reply)

                    async with async_timeout(10):
                        await self._disconnecting_event.wait()
            finally:
                self._disconnecting_event = None

            self._bus.disconnect()
            await self._bus.wait_for_disconnect()
            self._bus = None

        # sanity check to make sure _cleanup_all() was triggered by the
        # "PropertiesChanged" signal handler and that it completed successfully
        assert self.services is None

    async def _pair(self) -> Message:
        """
        Pair with the peripheral and return the D-Bus reply.

        Caller is responsible for checking reply for errors.
        """

        assert self._bus is not None
        assert self._device_path is not None

        # REVIST: This leaves "Trusted" property set if we
        # fail later. Probably not a big deal since we were
        # going to trust it anyway.
        # Trusted means device is authorized
        reply = await self._bus.call(
            Message(
                destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                path=self._device_path,
                interface=defs.PROPERTIES_INTERFACE,
                member="Set",
                signature="ssv",
                body=[defs.DEVICE_INTERFACE, "Trusted", Variant("b", True)],
            )
        )
        assert_reply(reply)

        logger.debug("Pairing to BLE device @ %s", self.address)
        # Pairing means device is authenticated
        reply = await self._bus.call(
            Message(
                destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                path=self._device_path,
                interface=defs.DEVICE_INTERFACE,
                member="Pair",
            )
        )

        return reply

    @override
    async def pair(self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
        """Pair with the peripheral.

        You can use ConnectDevice method if you already know the MAC address of the device.
        Else you need to StartDiscovery, Trust, Pair and Connect in sequence.
        """
        assert self._device_path is not None
        manager = await get_global_bluez_manager()
        if manager.is_paired(self._device_path):
            logger.debug("BLE device @ %s is already paired", self.address)
            return

        reply = await self._pair()
        assert_reply(reply)

        # For resolvable private addresses, the address will
        # change after pairing, so we need to update that.
        # Hopefully there is no race condition here. D-Bus
        # traffic capture shows that Address change happens
        # at the same time as Paired property change and
        # that PropertiesChanged signal is sent before the
        # "Pair" reply is sent.
        self.address = manager.get_device_address(self._device_path)

    @override
    async def unpair(self) -> None:
        """Unpair with the peripheral."""
        adapter_path = await self._get_adapter_path()
        device_path = await self._get_device_path()
        manager = await get_global_bluez_manager()

        logger.debug(
            "Removing BlueZ device path %s from adapter path %s",
            device_path,
            adapter_path,
        )

        # If this client object wants to connect again, BlueZ needs the device
        # to follow Discovery process again - so reset the local connection
        # state.
        #
        # (This is true even if the request to RemoveDevice fails,
        # so clear it before.)
        self._device_path = None
        self._device_info = None
        self._is_connected = False

        assert manager._bus  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]

        # TODO: should move this to manager so that we don't access its private members
        try:
            reply = await manager._bus.call(  # pyright: ignore[reportPrivateUsage]
                Message(
                    destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                    path=adapter_path,
                    interface=defs.ADAPTER_INTERFACE,
                    member="RemoveDevice",
                    signature="o",
                    body=[device_path],
                )
            )
            assert_reply(reply)
        except BleakDBusError as e:
            if e.dbus_error == defs.BLUEZ_ERROR_DOES_NOT_EXIST:
                raise BleakDeviceNotFoundError(
                    self.address, f"Device with address {self.address} was not found."
                ) from e
            raise

    @property
    @override
    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
        """Check connection status between this client and the server.

        Returns:
            Boolean representing connection status.

        """
        return False if self._bus is None else self._is_connected

    async def _acquire_mtu(self) -> None:
        """Acquires the MTU for this device by calling the "AcquireWrite" or
        "AcquireNotify" method of the first characteristic that has such a method.

        This method only needs to be called once, after connecting to the device
        but before accessing the ``mtu_size`` property.

        If a device uses encryption on characteristics, it will need to be bonded
        first before calling this method.
        """

        assert (
            self.services is not None
        ), "Services must be acquired before acquiring MTU"

        # This will try to get the "best" characteristic for getting the MTU.
        # We would rather not start notifications if we don't have to.
        try:
            method = "AcquireWrite"
            char = next(
                c
                for c in self.services.characteristics.values()
                if "write-without-response" in c.properties
            )
        except StopIteration:
            method = "AcquireNotify"
            char = next(
                c
                for c in self.services.characteristics.values()
                if "notify" in c.properties
            )

        assert self._bus

        reply = await self._bus.call(
            Message(
                destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                path=char.obj[0],
                interface=defs.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_INTERFACE,
                member=method,
                signature="a{sv}",
                body=[{}],
            )
        )
        assert_reply(reply)

        # we aren't actually using the write or notify, we just want the MTU
        os.close(reply.unix_fds[0])
        self._mtu_size = reply.body[1]

    async def _get_adapter_path(self) -> str:
        """Private coroutine to return the BlueZ path to the adapter this client is assigned to.

        Can be called even if no connection has been established yet.
        """
        if self._device_info:
            # If we have a BlueZ DBus object with _device_info, use what it tell us
            return self._device_info["Adapter"]
        if self._adapter:
            # If the adapter name was set in the constructor, convert to a BlueZ path
            return f"/org/bluez/{self._adapter}"

        # Fall back to the system's default Bluetooth adapter
        manager = await get_global_bluez_manager()
        return manager.get_default_adapter()

    async def _get_device_path(self) -> str:
        """Private coroutine to return the BlueZ path to the device address this client is assigned to.

        Unlike the _device_path property, this function can be called even if discovery process has not
        started and/or connection has not been established yet.
        """
        if self._device_path:
            # If we have a BlueZ DBus object, return its device path
            return self._device_path

        # Otherwise, build a new path using the adapter path and the BLE address
        adapter_path = await self._get_adapter_path()
        bluez_address = self.address.upper().replace(":", "_")
        return f"{adapter_path}/dev_{bluez_address}"

    @property
    @override
    def name(self) -> str:
        """See :meth:`bleak.BleakClient.name`."""
        if self._device_info is None:
            raise BleakError("Not connected")
        return self._device_info["Alias"]

    @property
    @override
    def mtu_size(self) -> int:
        """Get ATT MTU size for active connection"""
        if self._mtu_size is None:
            warnings.warn(
                "Using default MTU value. Call _acquire_mtu() or set _mtu_size first to avoid this warning."
            )
            return 23

        return self._mtu_size

    # GATT services methods

    async def _get_services(
        self, dangerous_use_bleak_cache: bool = False, **kwargs: Any
    ) -> BleakGATTServiceCollection:
        """Get all services registered for this GATT server.

        Args:
            dangerous_use_bleak_cache (bool): Use cached services if available.

        Returns:
           A :py:class:`bleak.backends.service.BleakGATTServiceCollection` with this device's services tree.

        """
        if not self.is_connected:
            raise BleakError("Not connected")

        if self.services is not None:
            return self.services

        assert self._device_path is not None

        manager = await get_global_bluez_manager()

        self.services = await manager.get_services(
            self._device_path, dangerous_use_bleak_cache, self._requested_services
        )

        return self.services

    # IO methods

    @override
    async def read_gatt_char(
        self,
        characteristic: BleakGATTCharacteristic,
        *,
        use_cached: bool = False,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> bytearray:
        """Perform read operation on the specified GATT characteristic.

        Args:
            characteristic (BleakGATTCharacteristic): The characteristic to read from.

        Returns:
            (bytearray) The read data.

        """
        if not self.is_connected:
            raise BleakError("Not connected")

        char_path = characteristic.obj[0]

        if use_cached:
            manager = await get_global_bluez_manager()
            return bytearray(manager.get_char_value(char_path))

        while True:
            assert self._bus

            reply = await self._bus.call(
                Message(
                    destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                    path=char_path,
                    interface=defs.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_INTERFACE,
                    member="ReadValue",
                    signature="a{sv}",
                    body=[{}],
                )
            )

            if reply.error_name == defs.BLUEZ_ERROR_IN_PROGRESS:
                logger.debug("retrying characteristic ReadValue due to InProgress")
                # Avoid calling in a tight loop. There is no dbus signal to
                # indicate ready, so unfortunately, we have to poll.
                await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
                continue

            assert_gatt_reply(reply)
            break

        value = bytearray(reply.body[0])

        logger.debug(
            "Read Characteristic %s | %s: %r",
            characteristic.uuid,
            char_path,
            value,
        )

        return value

    @override
    async def read_gatt_descriptor(
        self,
        descriptor: BleakGATTDescriptor,
        *,
        use_cached: bool = False,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> bytearray:
        """Perform read operation on the specified GATT descriptor.

        Args:
            descriptor: The descriptor to read from.
            use_cached: Whether to use cached value.

        Returns:
            The read data.
        """
        if not self.is_connected:
            raise BleakError("Not connected")

        if use_cached:
            manager = await get_global_bluez_manager()
            return bytearray(manager.get_desc_value(descriptor.obj[0]))

        while True:
            assert self._bus

            reply = await self._bus.call(
                Message(
                    destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                    path=descriptor.obj[0],
                    interface=defs.GATT_DESCRIPTOR_INTERFACE,
                    member="ReadValue",
                    signature="a{sv}",
                    body=[{}],
                )
            )

            if reply.error_name == defs.BLUEZ_ERROR_IN_PROGRESS:
                logger.debug("retrying descriptor ReadValue due to InProgress")
                # Avoid calling in a tight loop. There is no dbus signal to
                # indicate ready, so unfortunately, we have to poll.
                await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
                continue

            assert_gatt_reply(reply)
            break

        value = bytearray(reply.body[0])

        logger.debug(
            "Read Descriptor %s | %s: %s", descriptor.handle, descriptor.obj[0], value
        )
        return value

    @override
    async def write_gatt_char(
        self, characteristic: BleakGATTCharacteristic, data: SizedBuffer, response: bool
    ) -> None:
        if not self.is_connected:
            raise BleakError("Not connected")

        char_path = characteristic.obj[0]

        while True:
            assert self._bus

            reply = await self._bus.call(
                Message(
                    destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                    path=char_path,
                    interface=defs.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_INTERFACE,
                    member="WriteValue",
                    signature="aya{sv}",
                    body=[
                        bytes(data),
                        {"type": Variant("s", "request" if response else "command")},
                    ],
                )
            )

            if reply.error_name == defs.BLUEZ_ERROR_IN_PROGRESS:
                logger.debug("retrying characteristic WriteValue due to InProgress")
                # Avoid calling in a tight loop. There is no dbus signal to
                # indicate ready, so unfortunately, we have to poll.
                await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
                continue

            assert_gatt_reply(reply)
            break

        logger.debug(
            "Write Characteristic %s | %s: %s",
            characteristic.uuid,
            char_path,
            data,
        )

    @override
    async def write_gatt_descriptor(
        self, descriptor: BleakGATTDescriptor, data: SizedBuffer
    ) -> None:
        """Perform a write operation on the specified GATT descriptor.

        Args:
            handle: The handle of the descriptor to read from.
            data: The data to send (any bytes-like object).

        """
        if not self.is_connected:
            raise BleakError("Not connected")

        while True:
            assert self._bus

            reply = await self._bus.call(
                Message(
                    destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                    path=descriptor.obj[0],
                    interface=defs.GATT_DESCRIPTOR_INTERFACE,
                    member="WriteValue",
                    signature="aya{sv}",
                    body=[bytes(data), {"type": Variant("s", "command")}],
                )
            )

            if reply.error_name == defs.BLUEZ_ERROR_IN_PROGRESS:
                logger.debug("retrying descriptor WriteValue due to InProgress")
                # Avoid calling in a tight loop. There is no dbus signal to
                # indicate ready, so unfortunately, we have to poll.
                await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
                continue

            assert_gatt_reply(reply)
            break

        logger.debug(
            "Write Descriptor %s | %s: %s", descriptor.handle, descriptor.obj[0], data
        )

    def _register_notify_fd_reader(
        self, char_path: str, fd: int, callback: NotifyCallback
    ) -> None:
        loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()

        def on_data():
            try:
                data = os.read(fd, 1024)
                if not data:
                    raise RuntimeError("Unexpected EOF on notification file handle")
            except Exception as e:
                logger.debug(
                    "AcquireNotify: Read error on fd %d: %s. Notifications have been stopped.",
                    fd,
                    e,
                )
                try:
                    loop.remove_reader(fd)
                except RuntimeError:
                    # Run loop is closed
                    pass
                try:
                    os.close(fd)
                except OSError:
                    # Bad file descriptor
                    pass
                self._notification_fds.pop(char_path, None)
                return

            callback(bytearray(data))

        loop.add_reader(fd, on_data)

    @override
    async def start_notify(
        self,
        characteristic: BleakGATTCharacteristic,
        callback: NotifyCallback,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> None:
        """
        Activate notifications/indications on a characteristic.

        Args:
            characteristic: The characteristic to activate notification/indication on.
            callback: The callback to call when a notification/indication is received.

        Keyword Args:
            bluez (BlueZNotifyArgs): dictionary of additional parameters.
        """

        bluez: BlueZNotifyArgs = kwargs["bluez"]
        # A number of devices have issues with AcquireNotify, so we use StartNotify
        # by default. For cases where AcquireNotify does work, users can set
        # "use_start_notify" to False.
        force_use_start_notify = bluez.get("use_start_notify", True)

        assert self._bus is not None

        char_path: str = characteristic.obj[0]

        # If using StartNotify and calling a read on the same characteristic,
        # BlueZ will return the response as both a notification and read,
        # duplicating the message. Using AcquireNotify on supported
        # characteristics avoids this. However, using the preferred
        # AcquireNotify requires that devices correctly indicate "notify"
        # and/or "indicate" properties. If they don't, we fall back to
        # StartNotify anyway.
        use_notify_acquire = (
            not force_use_start_notify and "NotifyAcquired" in characteristic.obj[1]
        )
        logger.debug(
            'using "%s" for notifications on characteristic %d',
            "AcquireNotify" if use_notify_acquire else "StartNotify",
            characteristic.handle,
        )
        if use_notify_acquire:
            reply = await self._bus.call(
                Message(
                    destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                    path=char_path,
                    interface=defs.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_INTERFACE,
                    member="AcquireNotify",
                    body=[{}],
                    signature="a{sv}",
                )
            )
            assert_gatt_reply(reply)

            unix_fd = reply.unix_fds[0]
            self._notification_fds[char_path] = unix_fd
            self._register_notify_fd_reader(char_path, unix_fd, callback)
        else:
            self._notification_callbacks[char_path] = callback
            reply = await self._bus.call(
                Message(
                    destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                    path=char_path,
                    interface=defs.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_INTERFACE,
                    member="StartNotify",
                )
            )
            assert_gatt_reply(reply, start_notify=True)

    @override
    async def stop_notify(self, characteristic: BleakGATTCharacteristic) -> None:
        """Deactivate notification/indication on a specified characteristic.

        Args:
            characteristic (BleakGATTCharacteristic): The characteristic to deactivate
                notification/indication on.
        """
        if not self.is_connected:
            raise BleakError("Not connected")

        assert self._bus is not None

        char_path: str = characteristic.obj[0]

        # If we have a notification fd for this characteristic, then we know we
        # used AcquireNotify, otherwise we used StartNotify.

        if (fd := self._notification_fds.get(char_path)) is not None:
            logger.debug(
                "Closing notification fd for characteristic %d", characteristic.handle
            )

            loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
            try:
                loop.remove_reader(fd)
            except RuntimeError:
                # Run loop is closed
                pass
            try:
                os.close(fd)
            except OSError as e:
                logger.debug("Failed to remove file descriptor %d: %s", fd, e)

            self._notification_fds.pop(char_path, None)

        else:
            logger.debug(
                "Calling StopNotify for characteristic %d", characteristic.handle
            )
            reply = await self._bus.call(
                Message(
                    destination=defs.BLUEZ_SERVICE,
                    path=char_path,
                    interface=defs.GATT_CHARACTERISTIC_INTERFACE,
                    member="StopNotify",
                )
            )
            assert_reply(reply)
            self._notification_callbacks.pop(char_path, None)
